Kantian Ethics Essay

Kant’s thought induced in philosophy what he himself christened ‘a Copernican revolution’, central to which was his ethical theory. Previous ethical theories had attempted to ground ethics in metaphysical or theological conceptions of â€Å"the good† or to base morality on human happiness as the final goal. For Kant, not only were conceptions of â€Å"the good† inaccessible to human thought, but any definition of human happiness could not be established and therefore used as a moral foundation. Instead he turned his moral thought to human nature as based within practical reason, and the moral principle he names the categorical imperative. This he defines according to the mottos ‘Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law’ (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 421) as well as ‘treat humanity†¦never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an ends’ (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 429). With respect to the former, for example, the act of telling a lie would not be considered morally appropriate insofar as the individual telling the lie would not be able to will that all individuals in similar situations act in the same way. In order to function properly, society must operate within a contract of trust in which persons are able to assume a relative amount of truth and trustworthiness in their fellow citizens; otherwise human communication would inevitably collapse and civil society would prove unsustainable. Central to the categorical imperative is Kant’s notion of autonomy. Autonomy is defined as the individual’s freedom from external influences in his or her dutiful choice of the morally right. This is contrasted to heteronomy, in which the individual desires to do what is good for other reasons than simply the good itself. The connection between these concepts and the categorical imperative is clear: the imperative provides a deontological framework in relation to which and through which an autonomous individual may act ethically. If the moral agent follows the imperative for its own sake (i. e. in order to do his or her duty) and not for external reasons, then he or she, per definition, is acting freely and autonomously. Although Kant offers an insightful framework for morality, the picture of ethics he paints with respect to duty and autonomy is unfortunately inadequate to describe the human experience of morality. In the Groundwork in the Metaphysics of Morals, duty is given such great privilege over other human faculties that it is possible to think that Kant sees value in little else: ‘an action done out of duty has its moral worth, not from any purpose it may subserve, but from the maxim according to which it is determined on; it depends not on the effecting any given end, but on the principle of volition singly’ (Kant, [1785] 1836, p. 9). Of course, duty plays a crucial role in any moral act. For example, I may refrain from telling a lie to my wife because I have a duty—grounded in our wedding vows—to be honest with her. However, duty becomes a problem in our relationship if it serves the sole or most important reason for moral action: if I only act ethically toward my wife because I feel the need to grin and bear my duty, then our relationship will likely lack life and that which would make it a thriving partnership. Ethics incorporates more than duty, such that I do not simply do my duty to my wife for duty’s sake alone, but I also act ethically out of love, joy or perhaps even spontaneity. To restrict ethical behaviors to such a strict deontology unfairly limits the manifold and complicated ways in which humans practice ethics and relate to others individuals in a human moral framework. References Kant, Immanuel (1948). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. (H. J. Paton, Trans. ). London: Hutchinson. (Original work published 1785, and published in a collection in 1903; page references to this edition). Kant, Immanuel (1836). The Metaphysics of Ethics. (John William Semple, Trans. ). Edinburgh: Thomas Clark. (Original work published 1785).

Learning from Ojt

ON-THE-JOB TRAINING AT HOME DEVELOPMENT MUTUAL FUNDS (PAG-IBIG FUND) In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Submitted by: Arce P. Baldonado Submitted to Ms. Ruth Bongales March 2013 Table Of Contents II. Background of the Company III. Summary of the OJT Experience IV. Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program A. New knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired B. Theories actually seen in practice C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution D. Benefits gained E. Problems Encountered V. Appendices A. Company brochure B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter Similar essay: Theories Actually Seen In Practice in OjtC. Copy of the Training Plan D. Copy of the Signed Waiver form E. Daily Time Record F. Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms G. Certificate of Completion II. Background of the Company The birth of the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF) The birth of the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as the Pag- IBIG Fund, was an answer to the need for a national savings program and an affordable shelter financing for the Filipino worker. The Fund was established on 11 June 1978 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1530 primarily to address these two basic yet equally important needs.Under the said law, there were two agencies that administered the Fund. The Social Security System handled the funds of private employees, while the Government Service Insurance System handled the savings of government workers. Less than a year after on 1 March 1979, Executive Order No. 527 was signed. The order directed transferring the a dministration of the Fund to the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation, which was one of the operating agencies of the then Ministry of Human Settlements. Seeing the need to further strengthen the stability and viability of the two funds, Executive Order No. 38 was issued on 4 June 1979, merging the funds for private and government personnel into what is now known as the Pag-IBIG Fund. However, It was only on 14 December 1980 when Pag-IBIG was made independent from the NHMFC with the signing of PD 1752, which amended PD 1530. With the improved law in effect, the Fund's rule-making power was vested in its own Board of Trustees. Likewise, PD 1752 made Pag-IBIG membership mandatory for all SSS and GSIS member-employees A new Administration, some changes in Pag-IBIG Months after former President Corazon C.Aquino assumed leadership of the country, Pag-IBIG contributions were suspended from May to July 1986. This gave way to the Presidential Task Force on Shelter to conduct a thoroug h review of the Fund and its operations. The task force later affirmed that Pag-IBIG Fund was run professionally and that there were no anomalies in the Fund. On 1 August 1986, former President Aquino directed the resumption of Pag-IBIG membership under Executive Order No. 35. Membership was still on a mandatory basis but under more liberal terms. For one, contribution rate was reduced from three percent to one percent for employees earning over P1,500.Employer share was likewise cut from three percent to a fixed rate of two percent. The Maximum Fund Salary was raised from P3,000 to P5,000. 1 January 1987 marked the return of the Pag-IBIG Fund to a voluntary program under Executive Order No. 90. While many companies chose to discontinue their Pag-IBIG membership, quite a number, including big companies like PLDT and Dole Philippines, nevertheless opted to retain their membership to the Fund despite the voluntary nature of registration. Facing challenges head on Confronted with the s udden reduction in its membership base, Pag-IBIG stood unfazed and took the challenges head on.As a first step, the Fund implemented an intensified marketing campaign that focused on membership retention and generation. It was during the years as a voluntary fund that Pag-IBIG evolved from an institution primarily for savings and housing into an agency with a wider reach that covers almost all other needs. Pag-IBIG introduced innovative benefit programs that heeded the calls for expansion of membership to include self-employed groups with informal income, overseas Filipino workers, and non-earning spouses.It also launched other novel programs such as the Multi-Purpose Loan for its short-term loans program, and shelter programs that address both individual and institutional housing requirements. Clearly, the voluntary nature of Pag-IBIG membership did not stop the Fund from growing in depth and breadth. During the period, the Pag-IBIG Fund has claimed its rightful place in the countr y's economic and financial system, finally gaining the acceptance of its members, not by force, but by its continuing efforts to impress upon the members that the Fund exists solely for their benefit as well as their beneficiaries.After eight years as a voluntary fund, the nature of Pag-IBIG membership reverted to mandatory on 17 June 1994 when President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act 7742. The new law became effective on 1 January 1995. Today, more than a decade after the universal Pag-IBIG coverage law was implemented, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to be a strong partner in realizing Filipino workers' dreams. Over the years, it initiated more programs and projects, particularly those that address the needs of members belonging to the bottom economic level.The Fund has established special housing partnerships with teachers and uniformed men, among others. The Rent-to-Own Program was introduced, providing members another affordable way of homeownership. The Fund's efforts towards housing the Filipino did not go unnoticed. During the World Habitat Day celebration in October 2006, Pag-IBIG was given the prestigious Scroll of Honour Awards by the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) for â€Å"making the dream of affordable housing a reality for hundreds of thousands of households. † Pag-IBIG is the first Philippine government agency to be awarded such recognition.The Fund likewise strengthened its partnership with accredited developers by way of its various institutional lending programs, among which is the much-sought after program for the development of medium and high-rise condominium buildings. The program provides a ready inventory of condominium units for sale at affordable prices, and allows members to experience condominium style living in areas close to their places of work. In recent years, the Fund has embarked on its successful bid in the financial market, moving a step closer to its vision of becoming a premier and globally competitive provident financial institution.In 2001, the Fund floated P2 billion-worth of Pag-IBIG Housing Bonds to generate additional funds for its shelter financing programs, which was warmly received by both institutional and individual investors. The bonds matured in late 2006. HDMF Law of 2009 Recognizing HDMF's contributions through the years and the need to further strengthen its capability as the biggest source of housing finance in the country to date, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law Republic Act No. 9679 or the Home Development Mutual Fund Law of 2009. The law was signed on 21 July 2009.Under the new HDMF law, membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund is made mandatory for all SSS- and GSIS-covered employees; uniformed members of the AFP, BFP, BJMP and PNP; as well as Filipinos employed by foreign-based employers. Now more than ever, Filipino workers will enjoy the benefits that are available only to Pag-IBIG members. Likewise, the law grants the HDMF exemption fr om tax payments like other government provident institutions. With its tax-exempt status reinstated, Pag-IBIG will have more funds to finance housing and short-term loans as well as investments in government securities.Income from these endeavors is distributed exclusively to Pag-IBIG members in the form of dividends. The HDMF Law of 2009 also gives the Board of Trustees the authority to set the contribution rates, thereby paving the way for members to save more for their future. Similarly, this will bolster the Fund's resources for home financing. Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno. To this day, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to harness these four sectors of the society to work together owards providing Fund members with adequate housing through an effective savings scheme. III. Summary of the OJT Experience ~.. I learned a lot from my experiences as an On-the-Job Trainee of PAG-IBIG fund, Therma Mobile Inc. First of all, I’m very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in school, I learned to be with others, to work with people. Furthermore, I’m very grateful that they expose me so much on what I must know regarding the work which suits my course.I’m very thankful that they treat me like them and they trust me with my work. I appreciate so much the working environment I had with in the company because it helps me absorbed what I need to know.. The everyday experiences I had in this company are really most treasured. The knowledge I obtain here are beyond compare than any other experiences I acquired from school and supplementary learning from books. What I had here will always be with me and rest assured I will apply what I’ve in every circumstance that I will encounter.. IV. Assessment of the OJTA. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired -the knowledge tha t I’ve acquired on my On-the-Job Training is to become more specific from what I am saying because lots of clients may not understand the things that you explain to them and. -the attitudes that I’ve learned on my On-the-Job Training is to become consistent from what I’m telling and become strong in every struggle that may come and always smile when you are communicating your client and lastly don’t let others tread your personality and tell them that you are and educated person. I improve my typing skills and communication skills and also my analyzation skills because lots of clients are telling that they are member of Pag-Ibig before but they don’t have their own Pag-Ibig ID Number and some clients having conflicts with their names, birthdays, birthplace and it may bother them in filing their loan. B. Theories actually seen in practice ~.. As a new entrants into the organization, I've learned that new hires have always required extra organization al attention to develop the required level of competence. Regardless of academic background or previous work experience, the new hires should be aware of he organization’s policies, culture, and mission; understand the goals and requirements of their work area; and use specific areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes to do their jobs. These are all areas of competence that the employee should develop. Recently, fewer organizations seem to be hiring large numbers of new hires. It might seem that employee competence would be affected less by this situation. However, recent hiring patterns have only complicated the matter. Instead of relying on permanent new hires.. C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution ~..Continuous Improvement Efforts that can changes in employee competence also occur as a result of continuous improvement efforts.. Whenever teams of employees get together to improve how the work is done, they often result in recommendations for change. These recommendations can involve the simplification of work, use of a new tool, eliminate redundant steps in work process, or some combination of them all. When these recommendations are enacted, changes in employee competence can be expected and also Multiskilling for them to continuous improvement process suggests ways of making work more ef? ient, it often means that employees responsibilities must broaden or that they must become more multiskilled.. D. Benefits gained The programme seeks to provide the following benefits for trainees: * Trainees are provided with job experience, an invaluable asset for achieving gainful employment. * Trainees are exposed to the numerous advantages that are associated with being employed. They earn an income through a stipend but they also become more familiar with interpersonal relationships, networking, responsibility and the importance of interdependence within the working environment. Trainees get an opportunity to prove themselves to an emp loyer and, based on their work performance and the existence of vacancies within the organization, they  may  eventually be employed on a more permanent basis. For employers: * The cost of this mutually beneficial programme is borne jointly by the government and employers so that the full financial burden falls on neither party. * By actively supporting the programme, companies have realized improved ‘public image' through their commitment to the national good as well as their contribution to full employment and an improved quality of life for all. The Government and employers are stakeholders in creating a more job ready labour force. E. Problems encountered ~.. During ojt, first problem is that you have to get along with the employees and clients.. You have to know them better and give all your best to make them satisfied when it comes to their concerns and applications.. Just be yourself and they'll like you.. V. Appendices A. Company Brochure B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter To Whom It May Concern: I am writing to endorse to you Mr. Arce P. Baldonado, my previous employee. I was his manager in ABS Engineering Company for almost five years.I didn’t make a mistake in promoting her to mechanical engineer last term. She makes it a point that she submits good outputs that even exceed the requirements’ necessitated quality. Mr. Baldonado is an enthusiastic trainee. He can work well with other people and also individually. But he is really more of a leader than a follower. He can manage and supervise other trainees as well. Little or no supervision is needed when he is working. He has a reliable working habit that gives you the assurance that you can always count on him.. Mr. Baldonado is also good in management planning and implementing programs and techniques.He is also open and willing to learn new things. I assure you that hiring he will be a good decision as she is one of the best employees that I had. He could be an asset to your te am and the whole organization as well. In cases of emergency, he is always willing to help.. Should you need more information, please feel free to contact me. Thank you very much and have a nice day. Sincerely, Febie Ann Management C. Copy of the Training Plan D. Copy of the signed Waiver form E. Daily Time Record F. Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms G. Certificate of Completion

Key Roles and Responsibilities Essay

Management: Management have a key role and a large responsibility of ensuring health and safety is followed in their pub. Managers need to ensure that all of the correct measures are in place so as to keep all legislations in order. If managers did not have any responsibility in the workplace then all employees would therefore not follow any legislations and many staff and customers could potentially be injured. Managers have to ensure that all employees regularly read SOP’s and complete all online courses regarding new legislation as well as refresher courses regarding health and safety at work. Human Resources Manager: Human resources have the main role within Wetherspoons regarding the responsibility of health and safety of the entire workplace. Without Human resources the company would not have any of the SOP’s (Safety Operating Procedures) or COSHH (control of substances hazardous to health) manuals. If human resources did not do this Wetherspoons would be operating against many laws and therefore be shut down. Bar Associates: Bar associates have a minor responsibility in health and safety at work but a large role for maintaining health and safety in the workplace. If staff members did not carry out frequent bar, floor and toilet checks then both employees and customers will be at risk of a potential risk. This could be slipping on a spilt drink or the toilets being unhygienic. Staff need to constantly make the bar, floor and toilet as clean and safe as possible. This includes wiping spillages on the bar, collecting glasses and plates and sweeping and moping. Kitchen Staff: Kitchen staff have a very high responsibility and role within the company regarding health and safety, as they are handling food. Kitchen staff have to ensure that their hands are constantly being washed, the kitchen is clean and food is in date. If kitchen staff did not have a responsibility within health and safety then customers could potentially be food poisoned, as well.

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Risk management - Assignment Example Hacking is the term, which refers to intrusion in a computer system or a whole computer network in order to exploit the data or information for any possible purpose. Hacking is an illegal activity in which a computer system or network is being accessed by external sources. Hackers have several prominent reasons for which the activity of hacking occurs. These reasons include financial benefits, industrial espionage, and online extortion and challenge (Pankaj, 2005). There are several categories of hacking which are listed below: White Hat: Hackers attempts to break security systems for testing purposes, which are non-malicious (Graves, 2007). Blue Hat: hackers are external intruders who aim to test a security system before its launch (Graves, 2007). Black Hat: hackers are intruders who break security for personal reasons or gain (Graves, 2007). Grey Hat: hackers voluntarily breech the network security to inform about the weaknesses to the host (Graves, 2007). Elite Hacker: is consider ed to be the most skilled hackers (Graves, 2007). Hacktivist: aims to announce a political, social or religious proposal through hacking (Graves, 2007). Nation State: are official hackers who are officials of intelligence or cyber warfare operatives (Graves, 2007). Introduction As the overall background and description of hacking has been stated in the previous paragraph, the aim of this report will be stated in this heading. The potential risk of hacking is intrinsically associated with any organization, which is based upon computer networking. In contemporary times, all of the organizations utilize the technology of networking in any industry or business, but there are several businesses, which are entirely based upon computer networking. Most of these organizations are service providers and most of the official occurrences for these organizations are dealt online. From all of these organizations, Sony is a prominent corporation, which do not only provide services, but it has prod uced several electronic products for entertainment. Out of this vast range of products, which have been produced by Sony, PlayStation is one of the most successful products. However, in 2011, Sony had to come across with an intensely grave IT problem, which was caused by external intrusion, by hackers. This incident caused a great loss to the company, not only in monetary terms, but also in terms of popularity and reputation. The incident is known as Sony Network Outage in which Sony had to turn off the whole PlayStation network for several days. This report is aimed to analyse the Sony Network Outage with respect to the seven stages risk management cycle. It will also present a brief explication of each step regarding the problem faced by Sony. Sony Network Outage 2011 It was in April 2011 when Sony Playstation Network got down. Approximately 77 million user s’ accounts of Sony Network got hacked. The accounts were actually seized, preventing the users to access Sony’ s online web services (Peckham, 2011). The accounts were stolen and the hackers retrieved the personal identification information of the users. It was an attack of three days and after that Sony shutdown its network on April 20, 2011. The attack lasted for 24 days keeping Sony network under the control of the hackers. The risk assessors claimed out that it is one the largest security breaches the company has ever faced. It was something, which really brought

Psychometric Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychometric Testing - Essay Example The initial point prior to selecting an evaluation or other methodology should be the job needs. Even though increasingly involving attitudes of people, individual specifications most of the time have their shortcomings. For instance it is ordinary to find irrelevant or opposing attitudes classifies under one skill. The display of skill itself is specialized, utilizing procedures from organizations, observation and case studies to complicated processes involving significant case interviewing. Not all of these methodologies will be applicable in all situations, but if no organized process is implemented to enhance the skill model, it will have been established on a subjective foundation, perhaps weird to users and will not include the 80% of the 80/20 policy. According to the study conducted by Golombok (1999), capability and personality assessments compose the greater portion of what is typically utilized in psychometric evaluation for hiring, while the drive and preference inventories are also implemented from time to time. Even though the option is varied - with more than 5,000 examinations in print in common languages - a tiny subset is utilized by majority of the users. This implies that a person may view an applicant who has possessed quite substantial experience of the similar methodology and undoubtedly some benefits thereby. Even though the scope of this should not be a cause of confusion - particular memory will be assumed to lapse within a few weeks- it does involve a noise element, so it is wise to see what the applicant's past experience has actually been. A benefit of psychometrics is objectivity, which is made possible because of standardized procedures. This has been proven by the research of Parkinson (2005). This is implemented specifically to capability examinations where there is usually a direct and normally basic comparison with a constant organization. In personality evaluation, even though personal scales are standardized there is a further degree of study normally needed to analyze the entire pattern. With a versatile personality assessment, this outcome can be compared with a standard identity, deciphered from analyzing attitudes and behaviors against the skills model. Nevertheless there may not be associated norm organizations for intensely specialized or higher job designations. Most individuals are aware of psychometrics with their combination of communicative organizational exercises and responsibilities. As a matter of fact the utilization of various psychometric evaluations against various skills analysis of workers is amongst the advantages of the methodology. According to the study of Carter (2001), one of the benefits they possess over other evaluation procedures is that they can include the managers of the company as the evaluators of the applicants themselves. Also, as psychometrics does not eat up much of the budget it is ordinary especially the senior managers to be involved in the employee evaluation process. Evaluators can be also hired from the Human Resource division or more typically from an outside organization. The critical risk here is that the goal detail of psychometric results may be disregarded as subjective observations from a solitary, often narrowly based, interview cases, come to the fore. Psychometric evaluations with queries pertaining to particular skills of workers give the general form here, but there exists plenty

Materials and manufacture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Materials and manufacture 2 - Essay Example The six different properties of the seven different materials are identified in terms of their standard definition and then the typical values are further tabulated in SI units in the following table 1 for the purpose of comparison. The material specifications for metals such as low carbon steel and aluminum-zinc alloys can be found in American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and Aluminum Association standards respectively. For example, ASTM A36 (American Society of Testing and Materials[ASTM], 2011 ) is a low carbon structural steel available in various forms such as plates, bars, sheets and rolled products. The properties of A36 are included in table 1. Aluminum-Zinc alloys are designated as 7000 series Al alloy by Aluminum Association based in Arlington, Virginia. 7000 series however include the entire gamut of products like flats, long, castings and so on. The table 1 provides the properties of aluminum-zinc castings only. The thermoplastic polymers are availabl e in form of various brands in the market. The injected molded polymers parts are widely used in industries and hence included in the property table 1. As regards wood, the properties of solid Beech and Birch are included in table 1. Table 1 Properties of materials (http://www.matweb.com & http://www.matbase.com) Material Yield Strength In MPa Young Modulus In MPa % Elongation Electrical Resistivity In  µ?-m Thermal Conductivity in W/m-K Density In gm /cm3 Low Carbon Steel 250 210000 23 0.1612 43-54 7.85 Aluminum Zinc Alloys 205 71000 1 0.038-0.057 121-155 2.80 Acetal Coplymer 37-120 586-12100 1.0-250 1.0e+17 0.231-0.31 1.32-1.54 HDPE 9-43 180-1570 3.20-2080 1.00e+18 0.288-0.400 0.918-1.05 LDPE 7.7-136 110-449 13.5-800 1.0e+17 0.30-0.33 0.91-0.98 BEECH WOOD 130** 10000-18000 * * 0.04-0.4 0.66-0.780 BIRCH PLY 134** 14500-16500 * * 0.04-0.4 0.73 Note. * Woods and ply are not ductile materials and they are good electrical insulators. 130** and 134** represent Ultimate Tensile strengt h. The standards such as ASTM again provide the measurement techniques of both mechanical and physical properties of materials. Depending on the techniques there may be wider variation in mechanical properties which are dependent on the geometry of the test piece. The physical properties are however constant across all geometries of the test piece but found to vary depending on the varied chemical composition. For example, the carbon content in the ASTM A36 material can influence the thermal conductivity values. Similarly, the polymers namely, Acetal Copolymer, HDPE, LDPE exhibit wide ranges of variation in both physical and mechanical properties across various brands available in the market. Hence the values tabulated in table 1 are all typical values. The actual values shall be taken from suitable sources for a specific application. THE CONCEPT OF THE QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIES Strength: It can be defined either in terms of Yield Tensile Strength or Ultimate Strength depending on the desired application. Yield Tensile Strength is the axial load applied per unit area just required to initiate plastic deformation beyond the elastic range of the material. This plastic

ZipCar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ZipCar - Essay Example Based on the case and financial projections, it is clear that main value drivers of ZipCar include its resources (cars), targeting the right customer segments and operating costs. The following analysis has helped in arriving at some key findings, which can be of great help to not only improve the business but also can add weight to the concept to attract investment. The revised financial projections for ZipCar has incorporated changes with respect to subscription fees according to customers’ needs and has increased the per mile charge in comparison with competitors. Considering the business potential and huge investment that is required for ZipCar to function as expected and to expand, it is also important that it minimizes costs wherever possible. One key area that incurs huge costs is obtaining cars on lease. As per the present projections, ZipCar would require $4,400/year to lease one car and would require an average of 50 cars per year and is expecting to increase the num ber of serviceable cars on a yearly basis. This would mean increase in leasing costs. Moreover, there is also an apprehension that car companies might not find this business promising if they have to lease too many cars to one company. The projections reveal between 10% to 25% growth on a yearly basis. The NPV is calculated using three discount rate assumptions (10%, 15%, 20%) based on the projections (see Exhibit i). The growth of the business as shown in revised financial plan does not indicate any uniformity; however the minimum growth rate is at 14%; hence, calculation of NPV with discount rates assumptions below, above and at that point seemed logical in this case. With similar notion, the terminal value of business has been calculated (Exhibit i). These figures indicate that for an investment of $1.3 million to fetch a growth of at least 15% returns, it becomes necessary that the business maintains a steady growth rate at 10% over next 5 years. In order to achieve this, it is also necessary that profitability is increased for which the below described recommendation might of some help. Besides business expansion, profitability can also be increased by minimizing costs. One possible and implementable solution is to minimize costs incurred by leasing out cars, which attracts much of the investment. This can be done by leasing cars from individuals only a monthly basis (rent) rather than yearly basis. Considering risk factor, it would be better that ZipCar takes 30% of its cars from individuals that do not use their cars too often in exchange of money on a monthly basis. While ZipCar can own the responsibility of these cars in case of damage, it can avoid maintenance of 30% of its cars as it already pays rent to the individuals. The fuel expenses will be borne by the customers. By doing so, ZipCar can save costs incurred towards leasing, maintenance, and insurance of 30% of the cars. Changes in financial projection if such model is adopted has been shown in Exhibits ii and iii; the NPV and TV of the firm after incorporating this recommendation is included in Exhibit i. Exhibit i NPV= Net present value DR = Discount Rate TV= Terminal value of investment Exhibit ii. Recommended model: Exhibit iii: Comparison between original, revised and recommended

Cleaning up oil spills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cleaning up oil spills - Research Paper Example The most famous method is to use chemical treating agents like dispersants, surface washing agents, and bioremediation agents (â€Å"Chemical Treating Agents† par. 1). Dispersants are basically mixture of chemicals, made up mostly of surfactants and other additives. The surfactant molecules are amphiphilic in nature which can be both soluble in protic (i.e. water) and aprotic (i.e. oil) solvents. During oil spills in bodies of water, surfactants combined into aggregates called micelles which consist of hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The heads are attached to the water molecules by hydrogen bonding and the tails to the oil molecules which lessens the interfacial tensions between oil-water molecules. Due to the mechanical action in the ocean, the oil molecules especially below the surface of the water break apart into smaller molecules which can stay suspended to be washed by current (Renee and Lee par. 5). The use of surface washing agents or commonly known as degreaser are usually used for surfaces or structures that have been oiled and are usually sprayed on the surface. This chemical promotes emulsification of oil and the instability causes it to flocculate and coalesce in the surface for physical recovery. The actions of the two mentioned chemical agents are usually followed either by natural means or induced biological actions. The natural means can include microbial degradation and photo-oxidation. The latter method proceeds under sunlight where the natural targets are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the oils. The process (also known as photolysis), degrades the PAHs in the form that can be available for microbial degradation (The American Academy of Microbiology 4). In addition, bioremediation is also an effective way to clean up oil spills. The use of bioremediation  agents  includes microbiological cultures, enzyme additives or nutrient additives which can significantly increase the rate

Marketing Intelligence in the Vineyard Limited Company Assignment

Marketing Intelligence in the Vineyard Limited Company - Assignment Example Here, I can obtain valuable information about the status of the company at present. The most efficient and easy way would be accessing the data on the internet by typing the trade name â€Å"Vineyard Limited Company.org. Alternatively, I would simply Google, â€Å"industry research reports† to receive a lot of information on the company’s current status as well as uncovering various marketing analysis information. My next step would be to carry out a formal research project. This would make it possible for me to identify the perceptions of customers about behavior patterns of the company. I can do this by observing customers and the way they purchase foods and drinks from the company as well as using questionnaires. From the forester reports, I learned that Emails connects everything in the process of an interactive mix (VanBoskirk 10). I would, therefore, use simple and easy-to-follow mail questionnaires to get an extensive knowledge of current issues in Vineyard Limited and to enable respondents to complete the quizzes conveniently. They will be more willing to give family and personal sensitive issues for the reason that the mail feedback can be anonymous. Data analysis and interpretation would be my critical step in analyzing the company’s current state. I would use computer-based statistical packages to analyze the data. My last step would be to use the results to make a marketing conclusion about this company. Given that I have already obtained information from customers as outlined above, I would come up with a process to guide the company in the desired direction. For instance, I would constantly develop new breakfast cereals, where the product element is this new foodstuff itself.  

Week 4 b-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 b-3 - Essay Example It also arises from the alternating schedules of the respective patients. Additionally, patients commonly have busy schedules and end up missing doses. Patients usually exhibit this form of non-adherence, comprehend their prescription, and they like to adhere appropriately in most situations. However, it is challenging to comply because the level of complexity existing in their lives interferes with their efforts of adherence or because they do not prioritize the management of their medical conditions. Patients, who have changing schedules of work or disorganized lifestyles, may use the plan to ease the difficulty in establishing their habit of a new medication regimen. The strategy that practitioners must consider is the plan for emphasizing on patients adherence during the weekends as most individuals adhere during the weekdays. Within the plan, they can incorporate the strategies to develop an erratic adherence centre on the simplification of the regimen, for instance, initiating a once-a-day dosing (Kocurek, 2009). The plan must establish new habits by linking, for instance, keeping the drugs next to the toothpaste or toothbrush. Additionally, they can encourage the use of memory aids and cues such as pill organizers to assist in the enforcement of adherence (McCall, Dunbar-Jacob & Puskar,

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Example for Free

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Microsoft Publisher Microsoft Word Paint Internet Explorer This table shows all the applications I used to complete my coursework Name of Application Price Main Functions Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft Publisher i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft publisher is to create websites, documents, cards, almost everything ETC. It is easy to create these kinds of things with Microsoft publisher. It is very easy to create websites cards etc. It takes a very long time to install on the computer. It runs in a very fast speed so it doesnt need time to load up. It can be very confusing and you need to know how to use it. It has so many design options, about over 1,000 professionally designed templates. You cant make very precise layouts because it doesnt have the precise tools. Microsoft Word i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft office word is to create and also edit text, graphics in letters, reports, and web pages and also email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles and formatting the font. Data can be imported from a spreadsheet to this so that a mail merge can be created. It is quite difficult to store data like Microsoft Access. If you get any mistakes it can be corrected so easily. Not everyone will be able to purchase it because it costs too much. The work can be saved so that it could be done at another time. If people start relying on the spell checker they might lose their spelling skills. Internet Explorer You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. Some information can be biased and inaccurate. Used for a lot of things E. G. Communication, shopping, gaming E. T. C Surfing the internet too much, can be addictive. It can be accessed by anyone in the world. Illegal sites always occur even if youre surfing the web carefully. Paint You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is to create drawings and to display scanned photos. The other function is to create pictures and diagrams. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. It cant store information in a table like Microsoft Access. You can draw logos, pictures E. T. C Older versions of it cannot open files that are from a newer version. It has a special image function which allows you to edit or change photos. It cannot type in text in different forms like Microsoft Office Word. Alternatives This table show the alternatives of the table above Name of Application Alternative Application The way it works Advantages Disadvantage Difference it would make if I used it Microsoft Publisher Adobe Dreamweaver The main function of Adobe Dreamweaver is to create mainly websites but other things can be made such as cards, magazines etc. Websites can be made much more accurately and much more precise than Microsoft word. It is much more expensive than Microsoft word so it cant be purchased by everyone. The main difference it makes is that I would be able to work more accurately and create better websites. However it is more complicated than Microsoft publisher so it will be hard to use. Website designers can make changes to the design of a website simply by editing the Dream Weaver template files. It is much more complicated than Microsoft word so itll be hard to use. Simple and complex websites can be designed using a point and click method. It takes much longer to install. Microsoft Word Open Office Writer The main function of is to create and edit text, reports, and web pages and email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles. The wizard makes it easier for new beginners to use. The wizards appear too much which is distractible. The main difference is that I would be able to create and edit text, reports, web ages and email messages easier and much more accurate. It can connect to any existing database. It is less popular than Microsoft Office Access so not many people use it. You dont have do buy this but you can get it for free. For some people this could be hard to use because of the extra functions. Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. It is much quicker and faster than internet explorer. It is not supported by a small proportion of web sites. The main difference is that I would be able to gather information and surf the net much quicker than internet explorer. It has more security on it because it doesnt let pop ups through at all. With Mozilla Firefox some websites do not display properly. It has more design and looks better than Internet Explorer. Fire fox has to be bought separately if it is to be installed in the computer. Paint Paint. net It works in the same way as paint. But this has extra special features and they work by having a user interface which can automatically know something new directly. There are different versions for different operating softwares. People could get wrong versions and so they wouldnt work and they would have to buy new ones. The main difference is that I will be able to get help from the online forums If I did not no how to use it. Also if I make a mistake and I realise after a bit, then I will be able to go to that mistake because there is unlimited undos. It has online forums which makes it easy for members to get help from users. Some people wont understand it because it looks very complicated. There is an unlimited amount of pressing undo. It doesnt come supplied with computers from before so you have to buy it. Microsoft Publisher It is used for creating mainly websites. Microsoft Word It is used for typing in any kind of information. Internet Explorer It is used for getting information. Ismail Bismillah Paint It is used for creating pictures, drawings, logo E. T. C Input These are the input devices I used to make my work easy. Device Speed Errors that can be made Way to correct errors Keyboard The speed of the keyboard is measured in form of words per minute. It depends if you are a fast typist or a slow one. Many errors can be done whilst typing. For example, when youre typing very quickly, you can press the wrong key which will change the spelling of a word. Also when youre typing numbers you can make mistakes. E. g. if you want to type in 786 and your in a rush you can make mistakes like pressing the wrong numbers. (768) The way to correct these errors is to type a lot and you will get use to it so much that you wont get any mistakes. Another easier method is to click on tools then click on spelling and grammar. This will show you all the mistakes and you can easily correct it later. Mouse The speed of the mouse also is measured in the similar way. (Clicks per minute) It depends if you are fast or slow on using the mouse. Many errors can also be made whilst using the mouse. The main error that can be made is that when you are in a rush, you can easily click on something wrong which will take you to a different place. Also the mouse can easily slip when youre moving it. The way to correct these errors is to use a mouse pad which is especially designed/made for mice. Another way to correct this error is to use the mouse a bit slower and not in a rush. Scanner The speed of the scanner depends on how much data is being scanned. It also depends on what type of scanner it is. Errors can be made using the scanner as well. The main error that can be made is that the paper can be put the wrong way (upside down). Also the paper can sometimes be inserted half way inside. The way to correct these errors is to check carefully which way the paper should be put in. Also the paper should be put in straight and not bent. Keyboard I detected errors in my work by using the spelling and grammar checker to check any spelling mistakes and any punctuation mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would use the proof reader to correct mistakes that are done in my work. To prevent errors from happening, I typed a bit slower and much more carefully and I carried on looking at the screen to see if there were any mistakes I made. Mouse I detected errors in my work by checking manually if I made any clicking mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that I would click the right thing if something unwanted had been clicked by going back and clicking the right thing. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that I would buy a mouse pad so that the mouse doesnt slip and so the wrong thing doesnt be clicked. Scanner I detected errors in my work by checking manually if all the information has been scanned and also that it is the right way round but not upside down. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that if the data is scanned upside down than I would delete that data and I would than scan the data again by moving the data on the scanner the other way round. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that the data is the right way round in the first place and also make sure that no part of it is covered up. Effects of Inaccurate Data Inaccurate data will affect the system in many ways. Data Effect Way it can be prevented Spelling mistakes (website). If spelling mistakes are made then wrong information might be given out and also the customers will think this agency is not a professional one. To prevent this I spell checker can be used. I can also tell someone to go through it and look at my mistakes. Hyperlinks not linked correctly If hyperlinks are not linked properly then the business will become low because when you click on the link itll send you somewhere else or not take you anywhere. This can be prevented by checking the hyperlinks properly and making sure there are no mistakes. Also makes sure checking takes place before advertising. Not changing the colour of hyperlinks If hyperlinks do not change colour then the customer will not no which site he has been to so he will go on that website repeatedly. The way this can be sorted out is that when a customer clicks on the hyper link then it should change colour so the customer does not go on it repeatedly. The best way to stop all the problems is to keep on checking if you have made mistakes. This way all your mistakes will be sorted out. And there wont be any inaccurate data Validation Validation is to make sure that data which is being entered should be reasonable and allowable meaning that it is something possible but it doesnt have to be correct. There are a few different types of validations to help reduce the number of errors made by a user: Type check, range check, picture or format check, check digit, field length checks etc. Verification The validation can be used to make sure that when a user types data in the computer and if there are any errors made in the typing then they are reduced. For example if a database was going to be made with mistakes like if a 1993 date of birth was typed and was not true, the computer will not take it as an error if was programmed to let in anything between 1990 and1994. So the results would be incorrect and full of mistakes. This could also be known as Garbage In, Garbage out (GIGO). So that is why validations are important to help make sure that the user knows if there are any errors that have been made when typing data into the computer but it does not help in telling if the data is true or false. Output This table shows the outputs I used. Device Type The way it works Advantages Disadvantages Best place to use it Printers Laser A mirror reflects a beam of laser, and then lays them. A toner is then sprayed onto it. A paper is now pressed onto the toner and is slightly heated so that it sticks firmly on the paper. It prints out very quickly compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is the most expensive printer especially the colour lasers. The best place to use this laser printer is an office because an office requires a large amount of papers printed in small amount of time and with less noise as possible. It prints out very fast compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers Because it is so big it takes up more space than ink-jet printers. It has a high quality compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is very expensive to repair because of the complex parts inside.

UN on High Seas Laws Essay Example for Free

UN on High Seas Laws Essay The UN General Assembly resolved and declared the resources of the High Seas as the Common heritage of the mankind which shall be governed by a proposed international regime- Comment. Common heritage of mankind is a principle of international law which holds that defined territorial areas and elements of humanitys common heritage that includes both cultural and natural should be held in trust for future generations and be protected from exploitation by individual nation states or corporations. Immanuel Kant in his essay Toward Perpetual Peace claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to use of the right to the earths surface which belongs to the human race in common would finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution. The concept of Common Heritage of Mankind, however, was first specifically enunciated in international law in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Under Customary rules of International Law, the term high seas means, the part of the sea which are not included in the territorial waters. The rule was formulated in 1609 by Grotious in his treatise mare liberum by arguing that the sea cannot be owned. According to him â€Å"the sea is one of those things which is not an article of merchandise, and which cannot become private property. Hence it follows, to speak strictly, that no part of the sea can be considered as territory of any people whatsoever.† Later the prominent writers of the 18th century also advocated for the freedom of open seas. The meaning of high seas was transformed into treaty rules in the year 1958, when the Geneva Convention on High Seas was adopted. The article 1 of Geneva Convention on High Seas states that high seas is that part of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state. The regime of high sea has changed considerably under the Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 which lays down under article 86 that all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial waters of a state or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State would Constitute high seas. Thus, the area of the high seas has been substantially reduced under the convention of 1982. The high seas, shorthand for that portion of the ocean that lies beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, including the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, make up 64% of the world’s oceans and nearly 50% of the planet’s surface. It is generally 200 nautical miles from the coast. This vast area, once mistakenly considered an empty wasteland, is now understood to contain the largest reservoir of biodiversity left on earth. Multiplying human activities pose a variety of threats to high seas ecosystems, including overfishing, noise, plastic and chemical pollution, habitat destruction, and now ocean warming and ocean acidification related to rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has 320 articles, set out in seventeen parts, as well as nine annexes. Parts II to XI concern the different maritime zones: territorial sea and contiguous zone, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic waters, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf, the high seas, the International Seabed Area, and special provisions on the regime of islands and of enclosed and semi-enclosed seas. Parts XII to XIV concern specific marine activities and questions in all areas: the protection of the environment, marine scientific research, and the development and transfer of marine technology. Part XV (and annexes 5 to 8) concerns the settlement of disputes. Parts XVI and XVII set out general and final clauses. Today, 13 percent of the worlds land areas are protected, but less than one percent of global marine areas are, leaving these ecosystems exposed and vulnerable to threats. Further, there is almost no protection of marine ecosystems and biodiversity occurring in deeper waters on the continental shelves and in the international waters of the high seas. It is crucial that international leaders cooperate to ensure stronger conservation measures are implemented and enforced to guarantee the long term sustainability of marine species and the health of ocean ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of marine fisheries, particularly for those in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction, many human activities remain unregulated or poorly managed, with ecosystem considerations seldom taken into account and scientific information either lacking or often ignored. As marine industrial activity, ocean warming, and ocean acidification have accelerated, the imperative to replace the current gap-ridden and fragmented approach towards high seas governance with a more integrated, equitable and accountable institutional framework has become more urgent and important. The major issues related to the high seas are as follows: 1. Open access to the rich resources 2. Increasing demands of fish, energy and increase in trade 3. Legal over-fishing 4. Climate change 5. Pollution. In the absence of an overarching international governance system for regulating marine fisheries, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction, there exist a number of treaties, organizations and intergovernmental instruments that serve to manage fisheries. These instruments include the United Nations and its various processes and organizations, and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. In addition, there are many treaties, multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organizations that contain provisions relevant to the exploitation, use or trade of marine species. According to the UN Convention on the Law of the sea, the common heritage provides certain freedoms like freedom to fish, navigate lay submarine cables and pipelines, conduct scientific marine research, conduct peaceful military activities, and authorize vessels to fly national flags. However with these freedoms, there are also certain obligations to fulfill in order to maintain the proper health of the available resource. The duties are to conserve the living marine resources, protect and preserve the marine environment and most importantly not interfere in rights and interests of other nations. Under customary rules of international law, high seas were free and open to all states. Freedom to high sea was a well recognized principle even under the Roman law which is basically the primary precursor of the modern law. It means that the high sea being common to all states, no state may purport to subject any part of them to its territorial sovereignty, since the open sea is not the territory of any state , no state as a rule has a right to exercise its legislation, administration, jurisdiction or police over parts of the high seas. As a general rule, ships remain under exclusive jurisdiction of the state, whose flags they fly while in high seas. Although sea is not a territory of any state, it is nevertheless an object of the law of nations. Legal order was created through the co-operation of the law of the nations and the municipal laws of such states as possess a maritime flag. The following rules of the law of the nations were universally recognized. 1. Every state that has a maritime flag must lay down rules according to which vessels can claim to sail under its flags, and must furnish such vessels with some official voucher authorizing them to make use of its flag. 2. Every state has the right to punish all such foreign vessels as sail under its flag without being authorized to do so. 3. All vessels with the persons and goods on it, while being on open sea, considered under the sway of the flag state. 4. Every state has the right to punish piracy on the open sea even if committed by foreigners, and that, with a view to extinction of piracy. 5. Warships of all nations can acquire all subject vessels to show their flag. Limitations on the freedom of High Seas: Freedom of high seas may be exercised by States. However, the above basic rule is subject to certain restriction and limitations which is of a complex nature. Convention of 1982 under article 87(2) lays down the limitation of the general nature on the freedom of the high seas by stating that the freedom of high seas â€Å"shall be exercised with due regard for the interests of other states in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas.† The principle underlying this rule states that the exercise of one freedom by one state has to be accommodated with the exercise of freedom of the sea by other states. No preferences are given and the coexistence of various activities has to be sought through the necessary accommodation. In addition to this limitation, the following are the other set of limitations on the right to exercise the freedom of seas:- 1. Limitation on freedom of fishing:- All states have the freedom of fishing subject to limitation under article 117 of the Convention of 1982 where states are under a duty to cooperate with other states in taking such measures for conservation of living resources in high seas. 2. Limitation on the freedom of navigation:- every State Coastal as well as land locked have freedom of navigation in the high seas but they have certain obligations to perform while exercising this freedom of navigation. Article 94 of the Convention of 1982 sets a group of substantive minimum requirements with which all states must comply as regards safety of navigation especially as regards construction, equipment, sea worthiness and manning of ships, labour conditions on board, the use of rights, maintenance of communication and avoidance of collisions. 3. Limitation on freedoms of scientific researches: scientific research is promoted but not at the cost of endangering the living biodiversity at any cost. Article 261 of the Convention of 1982 appears to give preference to the exercise of freedom of navigation to freedom to conduct scientific research, though only as regards to deployment of scientific installations and equipments in established shipping routes. 4. Limitations on Non- interference with war ships:- Article 95 of convention of 1982 lays down that warships . The UN general Assembly has taken utmost care and precaution to make sure that no conflicts arise because of the common heritage and that such a resource should be treasured at all cost for the future generations for we keep in trust the goods of the future generation. Any problem that arises out of conflicts over high sea usage is something for which the UN should not be held responsible. It has proposed an international regime and all the states should try to follow the regime in good faith unless they are forced by circumstances not to do so. [ 2 ]. Immanuel Kant. Toward Perpetual Peace in Practical Philosophy-Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Gregor MJ (trans.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1999. p 329 (8:358). [ 3 ]. Dr. H.O.Agarwal; International Law Human Rights; 18th edition; At P.150. [ 4 ]. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law; http://untreaty.un.org [ 5 ]. International Policy: United Nations General Assembly; http://www.pewenvironment.org [ 6 ]. International Policy; http://www.pewenvironment.org [ 7 ]. The Sovereignty of the Sea: A historical account of the claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters; Thomas Wemyss Fulton; at p. 3. [ 8 ]. Oppenheim’s international law, op.cit, p. 727 as stated in H.O. Agarwal’s International Law and human Rights, 18th edition, at p. 151. [ 9 ]. Oppenheim’s International Law, op, cit, p.727 As stated in H.O.Agarwal’s International Law and human Rights; 18th edition at p. 151.

Should We Eat Pork Philosophy Essay

Should We Eat Pork Philosophy Essay Nowadays, people pay more attention on choosing what we eat. At the same time, the issue of animal rights and welfare is being raised and discussed in the society. Dogs have been considered as our companion animals for over 30,000 years (Waugh, 2012), while pigs are being considered as farm animals in most countries. Dogs are loved and cared by human; staying with us and we provide them with comfortable living environment. However, pigs live in intensive factory farms with indecent living conditions, being packed in small areas and treated inhumanely, and being treated as food to human. This situation reveals the problem of unequal treatment between pigs and dogs and it leads us to the topic: should we eat pork if we do not eat dogs? Most people against eating dog meat but they allow eating pork; they object to cruelty to dogs while enjoying the produce by cruelty to pigs. We are showing our prejudice towards pigs when we are labelling them as meat, because it turns pigs as something, and we are objectifying them as food to human (Grillo, 2012). They are both animals, but what are the differences between pigs and dogs and what is wrong in pigs that make them deserve poorer treatment? Given that pigs and dogs are both animals, then they should be given same treatment. If we refuse to eat dogs, then we should not eat pork. In the following, I will be introducing the problem of moral inconsistency, followed by arguing that indeed pigs and dogs are very similar, and the value of them should be independent of their relationship with humans. Possible arguments from the opposite side, along with some responses will be addressed in the later part. Psychologists mentioned that people are always inconsistent in our attitude and behaviour, and Elizabeth Anderson once mentioned in her book that she is puzzled and confused with moral inconsistency when she saw pet owners wearing fur coat (Herzog, 2011). We are fed with absurdity when we have inconsistent attitudes and selective empathy towards pigs and dogs, and carnisim is the invisible belief system which drives us to choose what to eat (Joy, 2011). We need to be consistent in ethics so as to avoid contraction between our beliefs, values and actions. Being consistent also reflects our integrity as human beings. There are several reasons behind moral inconsistency. The A-B-C model is a widely accepted theory which talks about our attitudes. Our attitude is guided by three components, they are Affect, Behaviour and Cognition (Herzog, 2011). Attitude is how people think and feel towards something, behaviour is your action, cognition is how well you understand that issue. Sometimes, people may encounter moral inconsistency because of keeping a pet, which they are emotionally attached to dogs or other companion animals; or they do not understand how pigs suffering during the process of slaughtering, which they do not consider it as an issue to pigs to be treated inhumanely and killed. People may refuse to eat pork once they see, smell or listen to sounds and situation in the slaughterhouse. Chris Diehm, an environmental philosopher discovered that even when people are pointed out with moral inconsistency, we often think of ways to turn personal behaviour into something reasonable and justifiable (Herzog, 2011). Some of us do realise the differences in our relationships and the way we treat different pigs and dogs; however, we remove our inconsistency by changing our beliefs instead of changing our behaviour so as to feel comfortable. People are unwilling to admit that we are inconsistent or incoherent mainly due to our interest and selfishness, some love the taste of pork and they defend eating pigs. Although Hal Herzog mentioned that moral incoherence is one of the inevitable features of human nature (Herzog, 2011), it is not an excuse of treating pigs and dogs unequally. Human nature does not justify moral incoherence; rather, our human nature, especially our ability to reason and intelligence makes us distinctive from other animals. Instead, human should make good us e of the ability to reason and morality to achieve moral coherence and consistency. Now I will turn to the reasons why pigs and dogs deserve same treatment from human. First of all, pigs and dogs are similar in two ways, both psychologically and physically. In psychological point of view, pigs and dogs are also sentient animals, which they have emotions and they have the ability to experience happiness and sadness. Pigs can be both optimists and pessimists, and their living environment is one of the factors affecting their emotions (Berkoff, 2011). Furthermore, both of them have long term memory of their experience in pain and pleasure, especially for pigs, they not only suffer their own pain, but witness and remember pain of others (PETA, 2013). It has been proved in different scientific reports that both pigs and dogs are very intelligent. They can also develop complex relationships with other species, and they care what happens to them (Grillo, 2012). Each animal, including pigs and dogs has their unique personality and characteristic. In biological point of view, according to the classification of living things, pigs and dogs belong to the clas s of mammals. They have many common characteristics, such as being vertebrates, warm-blooded, having furs and hairs and sweat glands, as well as they undergo internal fertilization. In terms of physical appearance, they have similar teeth and heart structure. They can also perform simple tasks that children are able to do, and doing different tricks like jumping hoops, bowing and standing (Angier, 2009). It is also found that both pigs and dogs have certain preferences towards temperature, such as under cold conditions, dogs need to wear clothes, and pigs can turn on the heater when they are given the chance and turn it off when they feel hot (PETA, 2013). There are a lot misunderstandings or unknown facts about pigs that makes them inferior to dogs. Regarding the psychological and physical similarities, differences in biological structure or emotions do not justify unequal treatment towards pigs. Secondly, some people hold the idea that human are superior to other animals, so that we have the right to treat them according to their relationships with us, and their values depends on how close we are. Paul Taylor brought out the idea of species egalitarianism and biocentrism on the ground that not only are animals members of the community, they are also teleological centres of life that each animal is a unique individual pursing its own good in its own way (Taylor, 1986). Generally, there are three kinds of values being identified in animals, which are the commodity, amenity and moral value (Norton, 1988). Commodity value refers that species can be made into products and being sold in market, for example wool and alligators for making clothes and handbags. Amenity value refers to the presence of animals which improves our lives in a recreational way, such as fishing, hunting or watching performances. Moral value refers to values in species themselves, which includes intrinsic an d inherent value; and that value is independent of human (Regan, 2006; Taylor, 1986). The moral value is a universal value, which can be found in all species and it is the same in all species. Unlike commodity and amenity value, moral value does not come in any degree (Regan, 2006). Therefore, animals have their own life and they do not fully depend on human although different species are interdependent in some way. Even if their values depend on human, it would be a mistake if we overlook their own moral values and independence. Moral value of animals is highly related to the problem of moral inconsistency. Most people responding to some questionnaires stated that they treasured and valued the independent value of animals, which they agreed animals exist independent of any use (Randall, 1986). In spite of the findings from the questionnaires, human place commodity and amenity values on top of moral value of animals in most of the time. Those three values should come together in parallel, and hold equal importance. Furthermore, animals with further relationship with us do not mean that we should or have the rights to treat them unequally and inflict harm on them. We do not know someone does not mean we should hurt that person, and the same applies to animals. Pigs and dogs are independent creatures; they do not live for us. Despite pigs and dogs are highly similar and they have independent moral values, people hold the opposite view have other arguments that they believe it is fine to treat pigs and dogs in different way. In the following, I will be presenting their objections and some responses why their arguments do not stand. Some people may argue that pigs and dogs are very different in nature, which means they are not the same when they are born to and born for. People mean that dogs are bred to be friends and companions of human, while pigs are bred as farm animals to be food and meat to feed human. The ones holding this view consider both dogs and pigs as means to human. We should not consider pigs and dogs as tools to serve and satisfy human needs since we are not the only species on the world (Regan, 2006). They do not live for us as mentioned previously that animals have independent moral value from us. The nature indeed does not shape animals distinctively for different purposes or uses; it does not separate animals from animals into different categories. It is our intuition or practices which lead us to the idea that pigs and dogs are different. Using the example of human, we are not born to be someone; it is our experience that shapes us. Therefore, it does not make sense in claiming that pigs a nd dogs are born differently. People may say that history and our own culture contributes to the differences between pigs and dogs and the act of eating pork, it makes nothing wrong in following our customs. We develop our practices by learning from our ancestors and parents, copying their way of living including their eating habits. However, following culture and customs does not mean we are acting rightfully or the act is ethically good. For example, racism, gender inequality and slavery existed since long time ago; do we say that they are justifiable because our culture and customs that treat people in different manners and ways? We should not make judgements only base on culture and customs, but also our morality, critical mind and rational thinking. It is undeniably difficult to change our practices and beliefs in a short period of time. A person is easily being tempted when the idea of treating pigs and dogs first comes to his mind; and it certainly takes time to change our habit (Herzog, 2011). Another argument which is likely to be given by pet lovers who eat meat is that dogs have higher instrumental value. In the past, dogs hunt for human and they are being considered as loyal since long time ago. They stay with us during our ups and downs, offering love and companionship. They can protect human, our property and children, dogs are also being used to detect bombs and drugs (Wogrinrich, 2011); while pigs are only being considered as food to human. Although dogs seem to have higher instrumental values in our life, actually they are equipped with all those talents because they are trained. Some may say dogs can recognise drugs because of their sensitivity in smelling. However, when we look deeply on how dogs identify different types of drugs, it is because they are being taught by human. If they are not trained, their strengths could not be expressed. It is because we human choose them to be taught rather than pigs, it does not mean that pigs cannot perform those tasks and actions, pigs are also trainable as they are intelligent. Pigs can also be our companion animals and we can keep them in our homes. We stereotyped pigs as stupid and dirty, which refrained people from getting close with them in the past. In this way, we cannot support the argument that we do not eat dogs because they are useful, it is human who makes them useful, and we can also provide pigs with skills so that they can have higher instrumental value. Rick Dove, an animal welfare campaigner once said Its an idiotic double standard: you cant kick a dog, but you can lock a pig up in a small crate and take her piglets away before she can nurse them properly, as any mother is programmed to do. This is mans insane inhumanity at its worst. (Kirby, 2010); dog lovers who claim that they love and care about animals are contradicting if they eat pork, who truly love animals should not be morally defending causing one harm and suffering to satisfy their own pleasure. It is hypocritical to love one but totally neglecting the other. If we agree to eat pork, we should accept eating dogs as well regarding their similarity and moral values. If we refuse to eat dogs, then we should not eat pork. Years ago, people have not thought of refusing to eat shark fins due to our traditions and customs, yet people are asking others stop eating shark fins now. Some may not think of treating pigs and dogs and other animals consistently and coherently similarl y. Value changes as time passes, it is the matter of time that people should put this matter into practices. Not only between pigs and dogs, but the other animals should also be given same treatment to show our respect to them as one of the members in community.

The Thrill That Kills Essay -- Essays Papers

The Thrill That Kills Street racing has become a very dangerous sport in the 20th century. In the article The Thrill That Kills by Paul-Mark Rendon, he describes the dangers and consequences of illegal street racing. This article was published Sept. 17, 2001 in MacLean’s. This is an article that tries to reach out to street racers and also anyone interested in knowing more about street racing and its dangers. The article discusses how for the driver, racing is an exciting adrenaline rush, but for the people, is an endangerment to their safety. The author uses facts like how dozens of innocent people have died due to street racing. Even drivers themselves die because of losing control or hitting another car. This article makes readers think twice about wanting to go out on the streets and race. This article gives evidence that street racing is very dangerous. The author gives clear evidence to support his topic that illegal street racing is dangerous. Racing on a public road can have many variables that can lead to the worst. Some of these variables are that â€Å"where unexpected traffic, uneven roads and inexperienced drivers, some as young as 16, form a deadly combination.† The author tells how an innocent person walking across the street, was hit by one of three cars racing that were traveling approximately 200 km/h in a 50 km/h zone. The body was thrown 80 meters and died before he hit the ground. â€Å"In Vancouver alone, police count six fatalities from street racing in the past year.† Mark uses this information to get his point through to the readers because people are most affected when they hear about other people dying. Paul- Mark explains how driving experience on the streets is very low. Hardly any of the... ...there. Paul-Mark tells how the Darknights are a good cause, but â€Å"there’s always going to be a situation where there’s heated argument and no one wants to waste their time and say, ‘We’ll settle this at the racetrack.’ We’ll pick a road, we’ll do it for this much and then we’ll go home.† This makes the reader realize how even though street racers are aware of the tremendous dangers of street racing and have a legal way to do it, they still would rather put people’s lives at risk and race on the streets. Although this article appeals to common sense the most, Paul-Mark’s claims are obvious with very good example to back those claims up. Readers get the full picture of what is really going down in the street racing scene and how the dangers continue to exist. Paul-Mark has strong appeals and emotions throughout this paper that keeps readers hooked the entire time.

Confucius-Summary Essay -- essays research papers

Confucius-Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Master Kung, also known as Kung Fu-tzu is known to be the Confucius of the west. He is one of the most well known philosophers in Chinese history. Confucianism has evolved so much over the years that no one knows the original thoughts of the master. Master Kung established a tradition of cultural values. Confucius wanted to attain a position in government so he could influence the ruler, thus helping him make wiser decisions. He was appointed to a governmental position in Lu but it was brief. So he traveled the neighboring states hoping to attain another position, and he did but he often spoke his mind when he shouldn’t have and was forced to leave again. When he returned home he realized that through his teaching he would be able to affect the people more. Confucius taught that all human affairs were structured by five relationships: father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, ruler and official, and friend and friend. He had a major emphasis on the family be cause three of these relationships focus on the family. Confucius was more of a summarizer and rephraser of truths than an original thinker. He focused on the relation of human being to human being and the relation of governor to governed. Confucius Life Confucius is described, by Sima Qian and other sources, as having endured a poverty-stricken and humiliating youth and been forced, upon reaching manhood, to undertake such petty jobs as accounting and caring for livestock. Confucius surname Kong (which means literally an utterance of thankfulness when prayers have been answered), his tabooed given name Qiu, and his social name Zhongni, all appear connected to the miraculous circumstances of his birth. We do not know how Confucius himself was educated, but tradition has it that he studied ritual with the Daoist Master Lao Dan, music with Chang Hong, and the lute with Music-master Xiang. At the age of fifty, when Duke Ding of Lu was on the throne, Confucius' talents were recognized and he was appointed Minister of Public Works and then Minister of Crime. But Confucius apparently offended members of the Lu nobility who were with Duke Ding for power and he was subsequently forced to leave office and go into exile. In any case, by most t raditional accounts, Confucius returned to Lu in 484 BCE and spent the remainder of his life teaching,... ...e to physical force, such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective deputies. The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese aristocracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius Sayings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius was a man who talked about the virtues and principles of life dealing with family, government, and work. These concepts were often reflected in his quotes. These are a few to ponder the mind: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practices it will have. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not possible for one to teach others who cannot teach his own family. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He who merely knows right principles is not equal to him who loves them. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you enjoy what you do, you'll never work another day in your life. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They must often change, who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.

Jealousy in Ancient Greek Society :: Greek History Studies

Jealousy in Ancient Greek Society Jealousy is one of the harsher and more passionate faces of Love in Ancient Greek Society. Societal norms for love and relationships dictate that older men are the lovers who pursue women and young boys. Love infects the pursuer and causes him to have intense feelings about the object of his desire, but not always vice versa. Consequently jealousy is seen more as the active partner’s disease and is commonly associated as a male emotion. Women also experience jealousy but they are not supposed to be the pursuers in relationships according to societal norms. Since society only excuses the pursuer in the relationship acting on jealous impulses, a women doing so was improper because she was not supposed to be the active partner in the relationship. Hence jealousy was much more widely accepted as a ‘man’s’ disease. By examining the views of society in The Women of Trachis and the Legal Text VIII, Wounding with Intent to Kill: Quarrel over a boy, on love as a sickness, controlling jealousy, and how to win back a lost love, we can conclude that Love’s face of jealousy in Ancient Greek society appears to only be accepted as a predominately male emotion. Society excuses many of men’s jealous and irrational actions because of the widely held belief that Love effects men like a sickness. In The Women of Trachis, Deianira continually excuses her husbands actions, blaming his outrageous deeds on him being poisoned by Love. When Heracles attacked a city so that he could win his mistress, Deianira blames Love for rousing him to such violence. She thinks that it is "love alone which bewitched him into this violence"(355). She has also justified all his past affairs with this same theory. Deianira mentions that Heracles "is sick as he so often is with this same sickness"(543) of love. Society has allowed men to use Love as an excuse for their outrageous actions as well as the legitimate reasoning behind their deeds. Deianira also expresses society's view on Love’s power when she says, "For [Love] rules even the gods as he pleases"(443).

Great Gatsby and Araby Essay

In â€Å"Araby,† an allegorical short story from his compilation, Dubliners, author James Joyce depicts his homeland of Ireland as a paralyzing and morally filthy environment. The young protagonist is an unknowing victim of society’s preoccupation with materialism, and in his rush to grow up accepts its distorted views of wealth and love as truth. Conversely, Jay Gatsby, from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, tries to win back the heart of Daisy Buchanan through his obsessive attempts to repeat the past. In each work, the male lead resorts to monetary extremes to capture the attention of his female counterpart under the false notion that love can be purchased. While the boy hopes that a gift will win the affection of his friend’s sister, Gatsby desperately strives to woo Daisy with his bootlegging spoils. Some are able to escape the influence society exerts, while others remain fixated on vanity. Each author manipulates color and shade to epitomize t he materialism of adulthood and the confusion of love of wealth with genuine love. The protagonist of â€Å"Araby† fantasizes about growing up enough to attain the love of his friend’s sister. Because the young boy believes he is in love, he elevates himself above his peers. He isolates himself in his dark attic and watches his companions â€Å"playing below in the street,† their cries â€Å"weakened and indistinct † (Joyce 24). Although he tries to ignore them, the voices of his childhood freedom still reach the boy no matter how much he tries to separate himself. The boy discounts â€Å"some distant lamp or lighted window gleam[ing] below† on his peers, abandoning the light of childhood while he exercises a feeling of superiority (Joyce 23). By distancing himself from his coequals, he embarks on a vainglorious quest to prematurely reach adulthood, thereby reducing the value of childhood innocence. His quest, however, succeeds only in pressing him further into the darkness of adult ideals. Adults face greater challenges and have more responsibility than children do; it is easier for them to forsake their morals than to leave materialistic values behin d. Because they ignore their values, adults are of a far lesser innocence than the children they are meant to teach and thus exert a negative influence on their unknowing pupils. The boy learns from his surroundings that purchasing love is the only acceptable path to attaining happiness and growth. Mangan’s sister â€Å"turns the silver bracelet round and round her wrist,† drawing the boy into the superficiality of adulthood (Joyce 24). However, because he sees the girl as â€Å"defined by light,† he mistakenly confuses the ideas of wealth and happiness (Joyce 22). The combination of materialism and happiness makes it difficult to determine the meaning of either. Rather than developing a relationship based on mutual interest, the boy tries to buy the girl’s love. When he is unable to purchase a gift for her, he finds himself in a â€Å"completely dark† environment (Joyce 26). The boy immediately epiphanizes that he is â€Å"a creature driven and derided by vanity,† signifying that light can emerge out of darkness (Joyce 26). His cognizance no longer allows surrounding influences of materialism to grip him; he realizes love is not a commodity. Mistakes are necessary for moral growth, therefore the young boy needed to suffer vanity and the consequences of his own greed to realize that wealth alone cannot fulfill happiness. His challenges become the outlet through which he ascertains the shallowness of the adult world, ultimately subjugating his influences. By vanquishing them, the boy discerns the genuine love depicted by light. Fitzgerald juxtaposes the obsessively nostalgic Jay Gatsby with Joyce’s young boy who hastily looks forward to adulthood. Despite Gatsby’s seniority, he and the boy both believe they can purchase their beloveds’ affection. Gatsby views wealth as the equivalent of self-worth; his doomed sense of hope justifies his illusion. He optimistically watches the green light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock, â€Å"minute and far away,† with his â€Å"arms stretched out toward the dark water† (Fitzgerald 26). Gatsby reaches for Daisy with profound determination, but bases his resolve on the crooked belief that his grandiose home and expensive clothes will win her love. His materialistic concerns create an impassable gap, placing true love out of reach. Lights on the other side of the water appear greener and grander, causing Gatsby to ignorantly believe that is where happiness originates. The intrinsic confusion of wealth and happiness deprives Gatsby of a truly fulfilled life. Thinking his new affluence will please Daisy, Gatsby draws her attention to his new Rolls Royce. However, the association of Gatsby’s yellow car with â€Å"restlessness†¦with power†¦and finally with death† (Parkinson 41) foreshadows destruction. Even after Daisy accidentally kills Myrtle Wilson with the yellow car, Gatsby still fails to see the uncontrollable dangers of greed . Wealth only consumes those who attain it, spitting failure into their faces when it ceases to satiate their avarice . Gatsby’s picturesque opulence deteriorates to frustration because money cannot make him happy. Rather than accepting this conclusion, he dons an elegant wardrobe â€Å"which echoes Daisy’s attributes of white, gold, and silver† (Parkinson 47). Gatsby believes his â€Å"white flannel suit†¦and gold colored necktie† will attract Daisy under the guise of suave elegance (Fitzgerald 89). The double entendre, however, is that the gold necktie resting around his throat parallels wealth’s threat to choke off his credibility, sanity, and ultimately, life-force. Although Gatsby actively perpetuates his superficial ambition, Daisy simply allows life to unfold around her. Fitzgerald parallels Daisy’s floral namesake with her white exterior and tainted yellow interior. Wealth rots her to her core, though she maintains a pretense of purity, always â€Å"dressed in white† (Fitzgerald 127). Daisy enjoys her trivial existence only because she has the means to do so. Without wealth to distract her from her meaningless life, she would feel empty and worthless. Contentment based solely on the availability of money inevitably crumbles and fades away, landing in the colorless, desolate Valley of Ashes. With an ever-looming presence, the sign of Doctor T. J. Eckleberg looks over this valley of lost dreams through faded yellow glasses. No matter how willful the dreamer, visionaries with greedy ambitions must endure cruel judgment. These individuals poison their own lives and become soulless shells, unable to muster the same determination again. The green light he strives for becomes â€Å"distant and unattainable† even though Gatsby never truly gives up on winning back Daisy (Parkinson 46). The spoils of his wealth decay to worthlessness and loneliness; in failing to realize his mistakes, he leaves behind a sparsely attended funeral and an unprincipled legacy. Despite all that he fought for, Gatsby forsakes true happiness for the false love he derives from exploiting wealth.

Leadership Communication Essay

While some people may assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. , It is essential to know that people that withhold leadership positions in organizations need to have strong effective communication skills that are successful within the organizations that suite their positions. Public health organizations such as health departments have leadership communicators who initially, address issues that reflect the present and future of the organization to other members and staff. This is a detailed duty that needs to ensure a person is a superior communicator (Barrett, 2006). Messages that are given from a leadership perspective reflect values of the organization such as vision, mission, and culture (Barrett, 2006). Leadership communicators also focus on consistency expressed through an organizations values in which they communicate frequently within the organization. People that withhold positions in leadership communication strengthen the values and culture within an organization based on organizational values and the mission of the organization (Barrett, 2006). Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. This essay will depict the traits and characteristics needed for success. I chose this as a topic of interest because; many people are unaware of what leadership communication is and the things that they should be aiming towards to become a more effective communicator. I felt that if this topic was highlighted from a different perspective it would strengthen the communication and/or make people in leadership communications become more effective and beneficial communicators within their organizations. I chose to look at leadership communication from the public health leadership aspect  of organizations, because it is essential for them to have strong effective communicators. Surely, while again some people may feel leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. This essay will highlight some key essentials so that it’s better understood why it is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. Effective Communication Concepts/Skills Working in the public health sector has allowed me to familiarize myself with the communication concepts of effective leadership communication. People that withhold positions in proficient development as public health leaders are required to have very strong communication skills. Leaders require competency-based instruction in order to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands of critical services (Wright, 2000). Anyone that is in a leadership position has to be able to speak clearly and proficiently to various types of people. Public health requires individuals in communication leadership to also withhold personal skills of leadership that are essential to the success of public health organizations. People in leadership must master effective communication in order for people around them to have assurance in what they are verbalizing about from a leadership standpoint. Being an effectual leader is well-established in knowledge and implementation of accurate communication skills (Baack, 2012). Lines of communication must always be open from a leadership standpoint in which the people they are speaking to. Interpersonal influences reflect the way the audience receives the information from a leadership standpoint. Communication Process in Leadership The communication process in leadership involves interchanging messages between the source and the receiver (Rowitz, 2012). Maintaining a healthy communication has proven to be effective in productivity. Individuals that withhold positions in communication leadership have to ensure the proper communication channels are followed and open in order to ensure effective communication in the workplace. In the public health sector communication channels have to be open at all times in which all employees understand how they work within the workplace. There are many different ways in which  communication is transmitted within the workplace through leadership communication such as, emails, phones, letters, memos, and face to face meetings. These are very common in public health organizations, due to the increased demand of communication. Leadership communicators look for feedback through all sources of communication that enhances the communication process. The communication process’s can either be verbal or non-verbal. Managers need to ensure that no matter which way they communicate that its always effective communication. Important Traits for Leadership Communicators Many people are unaware of what traits a person in leadership must poses in order to be a successful and effective communicator. Personal characteristic traits such as the ability to make public speeches, rather it’s a group or individual communication. Motivation is a very essential characteristic. People in the public health sector have to be very compassionate and motivated about things in which they are speaking, based on the fact the main goal and function is to communicate effectively to the public in which they understand. Can you imagine if someone was trying to persuade you to stop smoking, through a public speech in which they were non- motivated? The speech would not be considered effective and would not pose as an effective outreach to the public. As a person in leadership when reaching out to do health education to the public we have to ensure we are portraying effective leadership skills, in which people generally look for when speaking. Communication skills are very important to ensure effective leadership in communication. When speaking publicly there is a lot of diversity that public speakers encounter. The proper traits and skills generally assist in these matters and prove to be effective in meeting the needs of various groups through effective communication. Most successful leaders have these traits and skills needed. Leaders also have to be able to respond appropriately and think quickly. Many times, when public health organizations hire or seek people to speak in leadership positions they ensure that the candidate posses certain traits, characteristics, and skills. They make certain the candidate knows how to communicate with all elements of the organization; the public health sector is a major organization with numerous groups of people. Leaders are required to know  how and when to communicate with everyone within the organization, including employees, other managers, and community leaders. All groups require a different communication style and leadership style in which a person in leadership communication must be able to adapt at any time. Flexibility is an important aspect and is also required for skills that a leader must have. When he/she is delivering a message or presentation to the community it would differ in style compared to speaking to employees or other individuals in leadership. Applying Concepts By means of applying the concepts of effective leadership communication to public health organizations and identifying ways in which communication can be improved have found ways in which communication from a leadership perspective can be identified and more effective within the community. By applying the organizational communication concept general communication plays a key component in effective leadership communication. I have found develops that a person that speaks publically through leadership begins to build effective organizational communication is targeted through open dialogue which is developed between management and employees. This show’s to be a result of improved engagement and productivity amongst all personnel. Research When researching leadership communication concepts it allowed me to understand the overall dynamics of an effective leader and the role that they play in the public health sector. When you work in a public health organization you are able to identify and understand what effectiveness is, it makes it easier to identify it within a speaker. When you are able to recognize what skills a person must poses in order to be the most effective as a communicator it makes it a lot easier to improve and evaluate different aspects of communication. I have identified areas in which some people need to improve on as they take roles in leadership communication. If areas that need improvement are highlighted implementations can be made for improvement. The characteristics and traits identified in this essay which surrounds productivity and success behind an organization that presents effective communication through leadership (Rowitz, 2012) supersedes the  amount of people that assume people in leadership do not have to poses skills and concepts to be effective communicator’s. Those who have no knowledge draw incorrect assumptions (Barrett, 2006).This essay has highlighted through my research the knowledge and concepts that some lack when it comes to leadership communication. As Barrett states, â€Å"Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. Communication Training Program In the future of building a leadership communication training program I would propose an organizational leadership and communication certificate training program. The program would be designed to teach people internally within the organization the key fundamentals of leadership development and effective communication strategies. The program would be a team building approach in which everyone would benefit successfully. Upon completing the training program which would be primarily 8 weeks each participant would receive a certificate of completion for successfully completing the program. The training would assist in developing leadership skills, as well as teach speaking skills in a presentation/workshop style class dynamic. Individuals would be introduced to ways in which they could improve their leadership skills. By offering trainings employees and leadership communicators will be able to identify and improve their areas of weakness. I have found that trainings improve employee mora le making communication more effective ensuring successes in productivity. Conclusion Though my researches I have concluded that people that are in leadership positions as communicators must be effective communicators and have a strong set of skills and characteristics that have been highlighted throughout my thesis. This essay depicted the traits and characteristics needed for success. It is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. While some people may still assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator, facts prove differently based on success within organizations that recognize  specific traits and characteristics needed to succeed in effective communication. The more trainings and improvements that are implemented will ensure that individuals in leadership are well prepared for public speaking within and outside of the community. References Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Barrett, Deborah. (2006). Leadership communications. McGraw-Hill Professional, Education, Inc. Garcia, H. F. (2012). Leadership communications: Planning for the desired reaction. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 42-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278886 Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2004). Leadership: A communication perspective. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (1996). Leadership. Irwin. Press, N. C. D. (1996). Organizational communication. An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 383. Rowitz, L. (2012). Public health leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership=Communication? the relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25(3), 367-380. doi:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9140-2. Wright, K., Rowitz, L., Merkle, A., Reid, W. M., Robinson, G., Herzog, B., †¦ & Baker, E. (2000). Competency development in public health leadership. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1202.