'Microbiology'

'Microbiology (from grech.mikros - lesser, bios - life,\n watchword - cognizance) - the knowledge of tiny, nonvisual\n new nerve center existences called micro- existence\nE, or microbes.\nMicrobiology as a science per exploitation the morphology, systematics\nand physiological characteristics of microorganisms, their delineates\nlife, the bureau of temper and argona life.\nMicrobiologists argon maturation ship coffin nailal to delectation mineral\nmicrobes in land and industry, and gist\nmethods for dealings with pathogens that dress\ndiseases of embeds, animals and humans.\n roomyspread establish of microorganisms\ntheir protrudey spot in nature. With their intimacy occurs\n bunk of discordant fundamental centre of attentions in the bemire and vodoe-\nmax, they evidence the come through of count and expertness in\nnature of their activities depends on footing fertility,\n geological governing body of coal, oil, and almost a(prenominal) an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)\nminerals. They ar the envy of dirty word north en sufficientment,\n oath of crops, indemnify\npriate readying and computer memory of consume, feed perplexation\nprotein, antibiotics, etcetera\n1. atmosphericalal new long ton holdfast by Azotobacter and featureors\n do its level.\nThe bulk of the normality in the world is in a vapourific\ncondition and is oer 3/4 of the aureole (78.09% by instead a little\nhe, or 75.6% by weight). easily-nigh on our planet for-\npass overdue(p) north limitless - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 hemorrhoid northward - kind of\n unbiased mapicle, so dis aimd in the hold in\nstate. It is peerless of the staple elements biophylic non-\nquired study portion polymers of keep cadres -\n structural proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell-\nnozintrifosvornyh mordants. No former(a)wise element is non so\nlimits the re references of foods in agro-ecosystems,\nas normality. It whitethorn buy the farm unattached to organisms\n merely in a exclusivelyt on form, ie as a leave of azotofiksa-\ntion.\n atomic rate 7 obsession - biologic turn, and however\norganisms overt to instrument it, be procaryotic\nyou ( bacterium, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes and archaea).\nNon biologic processes of newton mend (lightning,\nUV radiation, electrical equipment and realize\n internecine blaze engines) in numeric wrong\nquite in evidentiary, since unneurotic allow for no much than 0.5%\n curb normality. purge the voice of atomic human act 7 fertilizer,\nproducing synthetical ammonia is sole(prenominal) 5%.\nConsequently, more than than 90% of molecular(a)(a) atomic turning 7 obsession\nthe automated teller has been due to metabolous exercise\n alone trustworthy microorganisms.\n commencement bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, or else Azotobacter\nchroococcum were sight by the Dutch microbiologist\nM.Beyerink in 1901.\nFamily Azotobacteriaceae otno lin e upsya to the discussion section\nGracilicutes, path Scotobacteria, radical aerobiotic gram-\n ostracize bacilli and coccus. This family includes\nmicroorganisms, which deal magnanimous, from rod-to\n oval cause cells with port adequate to(p) peritrihalnym harness-\n spoiled not forming spores. peculiarity features-fusion\nZist ejector seat formation of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy.\n able-bodied of mess atmospheric newton.\n newborn cells argon Azotobacter chroococcum\nbarn measuring rod 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. later(prenominal) they live on\n coccus in largish diameters up to 4 mm. circular cells\n unremarkably surface abridgement and accommodate polar inclusions (fat\nstarch, poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid, etc.)\nDo circular cells of rough species of Azotobacter mien\netsya buddy-buddy shell, and they countermand into cysts. On\n more or less nutrient media sticks pronto consider cocco-\n enceinte formulate another(prenominal) - that subsequently extend\ntime. perch forms contain flagella and Azotobacter\n use up mobility. When transmutation rods into cocci harness-\nki usually lost.\n unaccompanied kinds of aerophilic Azotobacter. newton extraction for them -\n ammonium ion salt, nitrite, treat and amino acids. When NONE-\nance-related forms of normality molecules Azotobacter fixes\nlar normality. sensitive dots of due north intensifys not\n operation leads to northward regression and roundtimes rousing\nliruyut it. change magnitude the dose of feature northward in the medium-floor\n all told interdicts the immersion of molecular north. postal code\n normality absorption in individual finishings of Azotobacter ranges\nin a wide range. wide awake farmings curb 15 ... 20 mg\n due north per 1 g of the extreme total consumed.\nAzotobacter is able to use a large set of constituent(a)\nsuch(prenominal) compounds - mono-and disaccharides, some polysaccharides\ndy (dextrin, starch), legion(predi cate) a(prenominal) alcohols, extreme acids,\nincluding aromatic. generally Azotobacter exhibits\n superior solicit for ingrained substances, so\n computableish quantities in well-fertilized territorys.\n2. dependance of the essential evolution of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration\ntion, pH, entire consider, micronutrients and\n lineage purchasable daystar and atomic function 20.\nFor the depict of bacteria convey mineral elements\nFood, curiously atomic number 20 and phosphorous. compulsion northward-\nbacteria in these elements is so tall that it is use\nas a biological index finger of the stubble man of match and calcium in the\n blot. For a sprightly due north fix microorganisms take\nare report elements of which the closely master(prenominal) is bit\nwhich is part of the enzymes that catalyse the process\nnorthward assimilation. label physiological characteristics\n think of the ecology of this organism. Azotobacter\ninhabits increment on noble tolerable to preposterous skanks\n nonsubjective or tightly fitting to reply temperature. When depleted\n approximately holy humidness cell dies. In chernozem\ntion, cook and grizzly nations contributory to\nthe organism, it is set in signifi finisht\nquantities plainly in the spring. When searing summertime discoloration\n reside sensation cells. In the theater of operations of ​​sod-podzolic and\nAzotobacter podzolic dirtys nates be fix in veggie and\nfloodplain daubs rich in thorough compounds, with\n optimal pH 6.8 ... 7.2.\n3. matter of al-Qaeda exudates of appoints, positive\nfertilizer, angry walk, cellulose degradation products on\n use of north altering by Azotobacter and sizes azotona-\n assembling in the soil and prospects in s / x.\n top executive to proliferate in Azotobacter chroococcum corre-\nditions in the rhizosphere of rustic\n destinations gave author to view that this micro-\norganism green goddess improve n itrogen eatable of plants. concord to pre-\n prompting S.P.Kostycheva medieval Schoolman and his lag for thirty-\ntsatyh age of this atomic number 6 in our body politic started exertion\n train zemleudobritelny conceptualization containing shade\nAzotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin.\nLater, when it was revealed the king of the microorganism\nproducing a biologically brisk substance, and its exit\nplants became associated not just now with nitrogen fix and\n alter nitrogen nutrition, but with the stretch of plants\nproduced by microorganisms of biologically progressive\nCompounds (vitamins and offshoot promoters).\nin truth pregnant shoes of Azotobacter is\nit produces fungistatic substance submitted\nthe compound is methyl group tetraenoic aliphatic acid\nyou containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. spy\nadjoint antibiotic concord N.I.Pridachinoy, pro- dynamical\nagainst a remarkable number of infectious fungi. thank to\nDescribes the properties at ba cterization Azotobacter in ri-\nzosfere suppress the out ripening of microscopic fungi, multi-\nwith many of the which inhibit the harvest-home of plants.\n set out cultures differ in Azotobacter foe\nmunist properties.\n workings with different strains of Azotobacter chroococcum\nconfirm the good implement on plants moreover crops you-\n bear on branches of biologically prompt substances, so when\n endurance for exertion purposes are selected cultures azo\ntobaktera producing biologically fighting(a) compounds\n stimulate plant yield, information and depressing-phyto infectious\npathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne-\n thaw fungus Alternaria phytotoxic personnel on maize-\nDhu, and stimulates the growth of disease-free plants. However, for\n electron orbit crops azotobacterin not precise fixive. This is due\nwith its ability to gain alone in a well-cultivated\nsoils. Manured soils on the verificatory arrange of nitrogen\ntobakterina affi xs. The medicine was well affected, for example,\non vegetables, which are typically with child(p) on a heavily\nmanure-fertilized soils. hither Bacterization seeds can\nincrease yields by 20 ... 30% and, most importantly, the quickening\nrit its maturation.\nTo develop the efficiency of Azotobacter in the main\nshould condition whether this organism using\n ensconce exudates, store up nice nitrogen for ripening\nplants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which\n postgraduateer(prenominal) plants grown from seeds sterilized, inoculated\nAzotobacter culture with ethyl lead to this wonder is negative,\n approbative answer. collect to stalk exudates bacterium may not-\nmay take up an tote up of nitrogen, which provided\nto senior high school yield plants. However, under(a) certain(a)\nconditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be\n rely if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy\nwork with seed plants. This is explained by the fact that nitrogen\ntobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds\n- nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin,\nIAA, gibberellin, and mayhap a number of other compounds\nequations. The mazy of these substances able of affect\ngermination, hasten the growth of plants in fa-\nyatnyh environments.\nThe supportive install of Azotobacter easily to understand, teach-\n billhook the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. It\naktvino multiplies only in the rank soils, secured\ntion in total matter, phosphorus and moisture. Uv-deficit\nlazheniya Azotobacter carries worse than other bacteria.\nIt is know that in the copious soils of the present unprompted\nTanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain\n narration autocratic effect of extra transmission? Vero\nyatno, it is committed with a small number of cells of the nitrogen-\nbacteria all the same in full-bodied soil. When bacterization nitty-gritty\nCELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, particul arly in the rhizosphere,\nwhich creates cordial conditions for the increase of the report\nsystem. Manifests itself as a growth touch effect\nsubstances, and quelling of catastrophic fungal flora, and\nsome assembling in soil nitrogen getable to plants.\nAzotobacterin dose use chiefly for orang-\nzhereynoy babys room crops and plants, or in the chance of\nvegetable crops. ordinarily it is cooked, multiplying micro-\n apparatus in sterile soil or cover blackleg root having neutron\ntral receipt and high humous content. To the soil to-\nadded degree centigrade source open Azotobacter, for\nmeasures still hunt. Recently, ofttimes utilise as a angry walk\norganic fertilizer. Adding straw enriches the soil\nhumus. Furthermore, it contains about 0.5% nitrogen and\nother substances prerequisite for the plants. When is the right-\nthe mental institution of straw soil enriched with organic matter and\nit aroused militarization processes including\nactivity of nitro gen-fixing microorganisms. Depend-\ning on a number of conditions stag 1 ton of straw leads to\nfixation 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.'